These represent different errors in Judaism.

Pharisees were legalists and had spirtual authority, but abused. They were popular with the masses.

Sadducees rejected the resurrection, angels and spirits (cf. Mark 12.18, Luke 20.27, Acts 23.8 ). They also only accepted the 5 books of Moses. Sadducees were aloof from the masses and unpopular. It was a closed group as well.

Essenes were into monasticism, ascentism and further legalisms and a small group, seemingly with even higher standards, even extreme by Pharisees' standards. They were not even mentioned in the NT.

Herodians (Mark 3.6, Matt. 22.16) were Jews of influence well disposed to Herodian rule, so Romans supported them.

Zealots (Luke 6.15) were patriots resisting Rome at all costs. Their fanaticism brought on the war during which the army of Titus destroyed Jerusalem and it's Temple in 70 A.D.

ALL 5 GROUPS DO NOT REPRESENT THE ISRAEL OF OLD THAT WAS GOD'S CHOSEN ONES, THAT IS, THE FIRST NATION AS A WHOLE HE REVEALED HIMSELF TOO.